C++ Annotations Version 5.2.0a
C++ Annotations Version 5.2.0a Frank B. Brokken Computing Center, University of Groningen 1994 - 2002
This document is intended for knowledgeable users of C who would like
to make the transition to C++ . It is a guide for Frank's C++
programming courses, which are given yearly at the University of Groningen. As
such, this document is not a complete C++ handbook. Rather, it serves as
an addition to other documentation sources.
If you want a hard-copy version of the C++ annotations : hard copies are
available in postscript,
pdf and other formats in
ftp://ftp.rug.nl/contrib/frank/documents/cplusplus.annotations ,
in files having names starting with cplusplus.
Table of Contents
2.2.1: History of the C++ Annotations
2.2.2: Compiling a C program by a C++ compiler
2.2.3: Compiling a C++ program
2.2.3.1: C++ under MS-Windows
2.2.3.2: Compiling a C++ source text
2.5.1: Namespaces
2.5.2: End-of-line comment
2.5.3: NULL-pointers vs. 0-pointers
2.5.4: Strict type checking
2.5.5: A new syntax for casts
2.5.5.1: The `static_cast'-operator
2.5.5.2: The `const_cast'-operator
2.5.5.3: The `reinterpret_cast'-operator
2.5.5.4: The `dynamic_cast'-operator
2.5.6: The `void' parameter list
2.5.7: The `#define __cplusplus'
2.5.8: The usage of standard C functions
2.5.9: Header files for both C and C++
2.5.10: The definition of local variables
2.5.11: Function Overloading
2.5.12: Default function arguments
2.5.13: The keyword `typedef'
2.5.14: Functions as part of a struct
3.1.1: The scope resolution operator ::
3.1.2: `cout', `cin' and `cerr'
3.1.3: The keyword `const'
3.1.4: References
3.3.1: The `bool' data type
3.3.2: The `wchar_t' data type
3.6.1: Defining namespaces
3.6.1.1: Declaring entities in namespaces
3.6.1.2: A closed namespace
3.6.2: Referring to entities
3.6.2.1: The `using' directive
3.6.2.2: `Koenig lookup'
3.6.3: The standard namespace
3.6.4: Nesting namespaces and namespace aliasing
3.6.4.1: Defining entities outside of their namespaces
4.2.1: The string initializers
4.2.2: The string iterators
4.2.3: The string operators
4.2.4: The string member functions
5.3.1: Condition states
5.3.2: Formatting output and input
5.3.2.1: Formatting flags
5.3.2.2: Format modifying member functions
5.4.1: Basic output: the class `ostream'
5.4.1.1: Writing to `ostream' objects
5.4.1.2: `ostream' positioning
5.4.1.3: `ostream' flushing
5.4.2: Output to files: the class `ofstream'
5.4.2.1: Modes for opening stream objects
5.4.3: Output to memory: the class `ostringstream'
5.5.1: Basic input: the class `istream'
5.5.1.1: Reading from `istream' objects
5.5.1.2: `istream' positioning
5.5.2: Input from streams: the class `ifstream'
5.5.3: Input from memory: the class `istringstream'
5.7.1: Protected `streambuf' members
5.7.2: The class `filebuf'
5.8.1: Copying streams
5.8.2: Coupling streams
5.8.3: Redirection using streams
5.8.4: Reading AND Writing to a stream
6.1.1: A first application
6.1.2: Constructors: with and without arguments
6.1.2.1: The order of construction
6.3.1: Inline functions within class declarations
6.3.2: Inline functions outside of class declarations
6.3.3: When to use inline functions
6.4.1: Composition and const objects: const member initializers
6.4.2: Composition and reference objects: reference member initializers
6.5.1: Using namespaces in header files
7.1.1: Allocating arrays
7.1.2: Deleting arrays
7.1.3: Enlarging arrays
7.2.1: New and delete and object pointers
7.2.2: The function set_new_handler()
7.3.1: Overloading the assignment operator
7.3.1.1: The function 'operator=()'
7.4.1: Preventing self-destruction with this
7.4.2: Associativity of operators and this
7.5.1: Similarities between the copy constructor and operator=()
7.5.2: Preventing the use of certain member functions
8.2.1: No exceptions: `setjmp()' and `longjmp()'
8.2.2: Exceptions: the preferred alternative
8.3.1: The empty `throw' statement
8.5.1: The default catcher
9.9.1: Constructing manipulators
9.9.1.1: Manipulators requiring arguments
10.1.1: Private static data
10.1.2: Public static data
12.2.1: The `vector' container
12.2.2: The `list' container
12.2.3: The `queue' container
12.2.4: The `priority_queue' container
12.2.5: The `deque' container
12.2.6: The `map' container
12.2.7: The `multimap' container
12.2.8: The `set' container
12.2.9: The `multiset' container
12.2.10: The `stack' container
12.2.11: The `hash_map' and other hashing-based containers
13.6.1: Conversions in object assignments
13.6.2: Conversions in pointer assignments
14.4.1: Ambiguity in multiple inheritance
14.4.2: Virtual base classes
14.4.3: When virtual derivation is not appropriate
14.5.1: The dynamic_cast operator
14.5.2: The typeid operator
16.4.1: Empty enumerations
17.1.1: Arithmetic Function Objects
17.1.2: Relational Function Objects
17.1.3: Logical Function Objects
17.1.4: Function Adaptors
17.2.1: Insert iterators
17.2.2: istream iterators
17.2.2.1: istreambuf iterators
17.2.3: ostream iterators
17.2.3.1: ostreambuf iterators
17.3.1: Defining auto_ptr variables
17.3.2: Pointing to a newly allocated object
17.3.3: Pointing to another auto_ptr
17.3.4: Creating a plain auto_ptr
17.3.5: Auto_ptr: operators and members
17.4.1: accumulate()
17.4.2: adjacent_difference()
17.4.3: adjacent_find()
17.4.4: binary_search()
17.4.5: copy()
17.4.6: copy_backward()
17.4.7: count()
17.4.8: count_if()
17.4.9: equal()
17.4.10: equal_range()
17.4.11: fill()
17.4.12: fill_n()
17.4.13: find()
17.4.14: find_if()
17.4.15: find_end()
17.4.16: find_first_of()
17.4.17: for_each()
17.4.18: generate()
17.4.19: generate_n()
17.4.20: includes()
17.4.21: inner_product()
17.4.22: inplace_merge()
17.4.23: iter_swap()
17.4.24: lexicographical_compare()
17.4.25: lower_bound()
17.4.26: max()
17.4.27: max_element()
17.4.28: merge()
17.4.29: min()
17.4.30: min_element()
17.4.31: mismatch()
17.4.32: next_permutation()
17.4.33: nth_element()
17.4.34: partial_sort()
17.4.35: partial_sort_copy()
17.4.36: partial_sum()
17.4.37: partition()
17.4.38: prev_permutation()
17.4.39: random_shuffle()
17.4.40: remove()
17.4.41: remove_copy()
17.4.42: remove_if()
17.4.43: remove_copy_if()
17.4.44: replace()
17.4.45: replace_copy()
17.4.46: replace_if()
17.4.47: replace_copy_if()
17.4.48: reverse()
17.4.49: reverse_copy()
17.4.50: rotate()
17.4.51: rotate_copy()
17.4.52: search()
17.4.53: search_n()
17.4.54: set_difference()
17.4.55: set_intersection()
17.4.56: set_symmetric_difference()
17.4.57: set_union()
17.4.58: sort()
17.4.59: stable_partition()
17.4.60: stable_sort()
17.4.61: swap()
17.4.62: swap_ranges()
17.4.63: transform()
17.4.64: unique()
17.4.65: unique_copy()
17.4.66: upper_bound()
17.4.67: Heap algorithms
17.4.67.1: make_heap()
17.4.67.2: pop_heap()
17.4.67.3: push_heap()
17.4.67.4: sort_heap()
17.4.67.5: An example using the heap algorithms
18.1.1: Template function definitions
18.1.2: Instantiations of template functions
18.1.2.1: Declaring template functions
18.1.3: Argument deduction
18.1.3.1: Lvalue transformations
18.1.3.2: Qualification conversions
18.1.3.3: Conversion to a base class
18.1.3.4: Summary: the template argument deduction algorithm
18.1.4: Explicit arguments
18.1.4.1: Template explicit instantiation declarations
18.1.5: Template explicit specialization
18.1.6: Overloading template functions
18.1.7: Selecting an overloaded (template) function
18.1.8: Name resolution within template functions
18.2.1: Template class definitions
18.2.2: Template class instantiations
18.2.3: Non-type parameters
18.2.4: Template class member functions
18.2.5: Template classes and friend declarations
18.2.5.1: Non-template friends
18.2.5.2: Bound friends
18.2.5.3: Unbound friends
18.2.6: Template classes and static data
18.2.7: Derived Template Classes
18.2.8: Nesting and template classes
18.2.9: Member templates
18.2.10: Template class specializations
18.2.11: Template class partial specializations
18.2.12: Name resolution within template classes
19.1.1: A class for output operations
19.1.2: Classes for input operations
19.1.2.1: Using a one-character buffer
19.1.2.2: Using an n-character buffer
19.1.2.3: Seeking positions in `streambuf' objects
19.1.2.4: Multiple `unget()' calls in `streambuf' objects
19.4.1: The `Daemon' program
19.4.2: The `Pipe' class
19.4.3: The `ParentSlurp' class
19.4.4: Communicating with multiple children
19.4.4.1: The `Select' class
19.4.4.2: The `Child' class
19.4.4.3: The `Monitor' class
19.7.1: Using Flex++ to create a scanner
19.7.1.1: The flex++ specification file
19.7.1.2: The derived class: Scanner
19.7.1.3: The main() function
19.7.1.4: Building the scanner-program
19.7.2: Using both bison++ and flex++
19.7.2.1: The bison++ specification file
19.7.2.2: The bison++ token section
19.7.2.3: The bison++ grammar rules
19.7.2.4: The flex++ specification file
19.7.2.5: The generation of the code