1.0	Using POV-Ray for Unix
1.1	Introduction
1.1.1	What is POV-Ray™?
1.1.2	What is POV-Ray for Unix?
1.1.2.1	... And What Is It Not?
1.1.3	Who Can Use POV-Ray for Unix?
1.1.4	Spelling
1.1.5	Reporting Bugs
1.1.6	Trademarks
1.2	New Features
1.2.1	I/O Restrictions
1.2.2	Display Options
1.3	Getting Started
1.3.1	Starting a Render Job
1.3.2	Tutorials
1.4	I/O Restrictions
1.4.1	High-Level Configuration
1.4.1.1	Overall Options
1.4.1.1.1	No Restrictions
1.4.1.1.2	Restrict Write but Allow Read
1.4.1.1.3	Restrict Read/Write
1.4.1.2	Restrictions Affect all Core File I/O
1.4.1.3	Additional Options
1.4.1.3.1	Permit Read/Write in Current Directory
1.4.1.3.2	Disable Starting other Programs
1.4.2	Low-Level Configuration
1.4.2.1	Overall Concept
1.4.2.2	Adding or Changing Allowed Directories
1.5	Understanding File Types
1.5.1	POV Files
1.5.2	INI Files
1.5.2.1	INI File Sections
1.6	Understanding POV-Ray Options
1.6.1	Special Command-Line Options
1.7	Bug Reports
1.7.1	Feature Requests are not bugs
1.7.2	Known Bugs
1.7.3	Spelling
1.7.4	Bug Reporting via Email
1.7.5	Bug Reporting via our News Server
1.8	Speed Considerations
1.8.1	Render Priority
1.8.2	Render Window
1.8.3	Memory
1.8.4	Scene Features
1.8.5	Render Quality
1.9	POV-Ray Accessories
1.9.1	The IRTC CDROM's
1.9.2	The IRTC CDROM (Year Three)
1.9.3	The IRTC CDROM (Year Two)
1.9.4	The IRTC CDROM (Year One)
2.0	Introduction to POV-Ray
2.1	Program Description
2.2	What is Ray-Tracing?
2.3	What is POV-Ray?
2.3.1	Features
2.3.2	The Early History of POV-Ray
2.3.2.1	The Original Creation Message
2.3.2.2	The Name
2.3.2.3	A Historic 'Version History'
2.4	How Do I Begin?
2.5	Notation and Basic Assumptions
2.6	What's New in POV-Ray 3.5?
2.6.1	Noise Changes
2.6.2	Photons, Dispersion and Improved Radiosity
2.6.3	New Light Source Types and Light Groups
2.6.4	Isosurface and Parametric Objects
2.6.5	Sphere Sweep Object
2.6.6	New More Compact Mesh Object & Solid Mesh
2.6.7	UV Mapping
2.6.8	Improved Textures
2.6.9	Improved and Faster Media
2.6.10	New Patterns
2.6.11	New Functions
2.6.12	Additional New Features
2.6.13	Bug Fixes and Enhancements
2.6.14	Changed features that may 'break' old scenes
2.6.15	New Keywords
3.0	Beginning Tutorial
3.1	Our First Image
3.1.1	Understanding POV-Ray's Coordinate System
3.1.2	Adding Standard Include Files
3.1.3	Adding a Camera
3.1.4	Describing an Object
3.1.5	Adding Texture to an Object
3.1.6	Defining a Light Source
3.2	Basic Shapes
3.2.1	Box Object
3.2.2	Cone Object
3.2.3	Cylinder Object
3.2.4	Plane Object
3.2.5	Torus Object
3.3	CSG Objects
3.3.1	What is CSG?
3.3.2	CSG Union
3.3.3	CSG Intersection
3.3.4	CSG Difference
3.3.5	CSG Merge
3.3.6	CSG Pitfalls
3.3.6.1	Co-incident Surfaces
3.4	Spline Based Shapes
3.4.1	Lathe Object
3.4.1.1	Understanding The Concept of Splines
3.4.2	Surface of Revolution Object
3.4.3	Prism Object
3.4.3.1	Teaching An Old Spline New Tricks
3.4.3.2	Smooth Transitions
3.4.3.3	Multiple Sub-Shapes
3.4.3.4	Conic Sweeps And The Tapering Effect
3.4.4	Sphere Sweep Object
3.4.5	Bicubic Patch Object
3.4.6	Text Object
3.5	Polygon Based Shapes
3.5.1	Mesh Object
3.5.2	Mesh2 Object
3.5.2.1	Smooth triangles and mesh2
3.5.2.2	UV mapping and mesh2
3.5.2.3	A separate texture per triangle
3.5.3	Polygon Object
3.6	Other Shapes
3.6.1	Blob Object
3.6.1.1	Component Types and Other New Features
3.6.1.2	Complex Blob Constructs and Negative Strength
3.6.2	Height Field Object
3.6.3	Isosurface Object
3.6.3.1	simple functions
3.6.3.2	several surfaces
3.6.3.3	non-linear functions
3.6.3.4	internal functions
3.6.3.5	Combining isosurface functions
3.6.3.6	noise and pigment functions
3.6.3.7	accuracy, max_gradient, etc.
3.6.4	Poly Object
3.6.4.1	Creating the polynomial function
3.6.4.2	Writing the polynomial vector
3.6.5	Superquadric Ellipsoid Object
3.7	The Light Source
3.7.1	The Pointlight Source
3.7.2	The Spotlight Source
3.7.3	The Cylindrical Light Source
3.7.4	The Area Light Source
3.7.5	The Ambient Light Source
3.7.6	Light Source Specials
3.7.6.1	Using Shadowless Lights
3.7.6.2	Assigning an Object to a Light Source
3.7.6.3	Using Light Fading
3.8	Simple Texture Options
3.8.1	Surface Finishes
3.8.2	Adding Bumpiness
3.8.3	Creating Color Patterns
3.8.4	Pre-defined Textures
3.9	Advanced Texture Options
3.9.1	Pigments
3.9.1.1	Using Color List Pigments
3.9.1.2	Using Pigment and Patterns
3.9.1.3	Using Pattern Modifiers
3.9.1.4	Using Transparent Pigments and Layered Textures
3.9.1.5	Using Pigment Maps
3.9.2	Normals
3.9.2.1	Using Basic Normal Modifiers
3.9.2.2	Blending Normals
3.9.3	Finishes
3.9.3.1	Using Ambient
3.9.3.2	Using Surface Highlights
3.9.3.3	Using Reflection, Metallic and Metallic
3.9.3.4	Using Iridescence
3.9.4	Working With Pigment Maps
3.9.5	Working With Normal Maps
3.9.6	Working With Texture Maps
3.9.7	Working With List Textures
3.9.8	What About Tiles?
3.9.9	Average Function
3.9.10	Working With Layered Textures
3.9.10.1	Declaring Layered Textures
3.9.10.2	Another Layered Textures Example
3.9.11	When All Else Fails: Material Maps
3.9.12	Limitations Of Special Textures
3.10	Using the Camera
3.10.1	Using Focal Blur
3.11	Using Atmospheric Effects
3.11.1	The Background
3.11.2	The Sky Sphere
3.11.2.1	Creating a Sky with a Color Gradient
3.11.2.2	Adding the Sun
3.11.2.3	Adding Some Clouds
3.11.3	The Fog
3.11.3.1	A Constant Fog
3.11.3.2	Setting a Minimum Translucency
3.11.3.3	Creating a Filtering Fog
3.11.3.4	Adding Some Turbulence to the Fog
3.11.3.5	Using Ground Fog
3.11.3.6	Using Multiple Layers of Fog
3.11.3.7	Fog and Hollow Objects
3.11.4	The Rainbow
3.11.4.1	Starting With a Simple Rainbow
3.11.4.2	Increasing the Rainbow's Translucency
3.11.4.3	Using a Rainbow Arc
3.12	Making Animations
3.12.1	The Clock Variable: Key To It All
3.12.2	Clock Dependant Variables And Multi-Stage Animations
3.12.3	The Phase Keyword
3.12.4	Do Not Use Jitter Or Crand
3.12.5	INI File Settings
4.0	Advanced Tutorial
4.1	Radiosity Tutorial
4.1.1	Introduction
4.1.2	Radiosity with conventional lighting
4.1.3	Radiosity without conventional lighting
4.1.4	Normals and Radiosity
4.1.5	Performance considerations
4.2	POV-Ray SDL tutorial: A raytracer
4.2.1	Introduction
4.2.2	The idea and the code
4.2.3	Short introduction to raytracing
4.2.4	Global settings
4.2.5	Scene definition
4.2.6	Initializing the raytracer
4.2.7	Ray-sphere intersection
4.2.7.1	Inner workings of a #macro
4.2.7.2	The ray-sphere intersection macro
4.2.8	The Trace macro
4.2.8.1	Calculating the closest intersection
4.2.8.2	If the ray doesn't hit anything
4.2.8.3	Calculating the color of the pixel
4.2.8.3.1	Initializing color calculations
4.2.8.3.2	Going through the light sources
4.2.8.3.3	Shadow test
4.2.8.3.4	Diffuse lighting
4.2.8.3.5	Specular lighting
4.2.8.3.6	Reflection Calculation
4.2.9	Calculating the image
4.2.10	Creating the colored mesh
4.2.10.1	The structure of the mesh
4.2.10.2	Creating the mesh
4.2.10.2.1	Creating the vertex points
4.2.10.2.2	Creating the textures
4.2.10.2.3	Creating the triangles
4.2.11	The Camera-setup
5.0	POV-Ray Options
5.1	Setting POV-Ray Options
5.1.1	Command Line Switches
5.1.2	Using INI Files
5.1.3	Using the POVINI Environment Variable
5.2	Options Reference
5.2.1	Animation Options
5.2.1.1	External Animation Loop
5.2.1.2	Internal Animation Loop
5.2.1.3	Subsets of Animation Frames
5.2.1.4	Cyclic Animation
5.2.1.5	Field Rendering
5.2.2	Output Options
5.2.2.1	General Output Options
5.2.2.1.1	Height and Width of Output
5.2.2.1.2	Partial Output Options
5.2.2.1.3	Interrupting Options
5.2.2.1.4	Resuming Options
5.2.2.2	Display Output Options
5.2.2.2.1	Display Hardware Settings
5.2.2.2.2	Setting your Display Gamma
5.2.2.2.3	Display Related Settings
5.2.2.2.4	Mosaic Preview
5.2.2.3	File Output Options
5.2.2.3.1	Output File Type
5.2.2.3.2	Output File Name
5.2.2.3.3	Output File Buffer
5.2.2.4	CPU Utilization Histogram
5.2.2.4.1	File Type
5.2.2.4.2	File Name
5.2.2.4.3	Grid Size
5.2.3	Scene Parsing Options
5.2.3.1	Constant
5.2.3.2	Input File Name
5.2.3.3	Include File Name
5.2.3.4	Library Paths
5.2.3.5	Language Version
5.2.4	Shell-out to Operating System
5.2.4.1	String Substitution in Shell Commands
5.2.4.2	Shell Command Sequencing
5.2.4.3	Shell Command Return Actions
5.2.5	Text Output
5.2.5.1	Text Streams
5.2.5.2	Console Text Output
5.2.5.3	Directing Text Streams to Files
5.2.5.4	Warning Level
5.2.5.5	Help Screen Switches
5.2.6	Tracing Options
5.2.6.1	Quality Settings
5.2.6.2	Automatic Bounding Control
5.2.6.3	Removing User Bounding
5.2.6.4	Anti-Aliasing Options
6.0	Scene Description Language
6.1	Language Basics
6.1.1	Identifiers and Keywords
6.1.2	Comments
6.1.3	Float Expressions
6.1.3.1	Float Literals
6.1.3.2	Float Identifiers
6.1.3.3	Float Operators
6.1.3.4	Built-in Float Identifiers
6.1.3.4.1	Constant Identifiers
6.1.3.4.2	Clock Identifiers
6.1.3.4.3	Image Size Identifiers
6.1.3.4.4	Version Identifier
6.1.3.5	Boolean Keywords
6.1.3.6	Float Functions
6.1.4	Vector Expressions
6.1.4.1	Vector Literals
6.1.4.2	Vector Identifiers
6.1.4.3	Vector Operators
6.1.4.4	Operator Promotion
6.1.4.5	Built-in Vector Identifiers
6.1.4.6	Vector Functions
6.1.5	Specifying Colors
6.1.5.1	Color Vectors
6.1.5.2	Color Keywords
6.1.5.3	Color Identifiers
6.1.5.4	Color Operators
6.1.5.5	Common Color Pitfalls
6.1.6	User-Defined Functions
6.1.6.1	Sum and Product functions
6.1.6.2	Functions and Macros
6.1.6.3	Declaring User-Defined Float Functions
6.1.6.4	Declaring User-Defined Vector Functions
6.1.6.5	Declaring User-Defined Color Functions
6.1.6.6	Internal Pre-Defined Functions
6.1.7	Strings
6.1.7.1	String Literals
6.1.7.2	String Identifiers
6.1.7.3	String Functions
6.1.8	Array Identifiers
6.1.8.1	Declaring Arrays
6.1.8.2	Array Initializers
6.1.9	Spline Identifiers
6.1.9.1	Splines and Macros
6.2	Language Directives
6.2.1	Include Files and the #include Directive.
6.2.2	The #declare and #local Directives
6.2.2.1	Declaring identifiers
6.2.2.2	#declare vs. #local
6.2.2.3	Identifier Name Collisions
6.2.2.4	Destroying Identifiers with #undef
6.2.3	File I/O Directives
6.2.3.1	The #fopen Directive
6.2.3.2	The #fclose Directive
6.2.3.3	The #read Directive
6.2.3.4	The #write Directive
6.2.4	The #default Directive
6.2.5	The #version Directive
6.2.6	Conditional Directives
6.2.6.1	The #if...#else...#end Directives
6.2.6.2	The #ifdef and #ifndef Directives
6.2.6.3	The #switch, #case, #range and #break Directives
6.2.6.4	The #while...#end Directive
6.2.7	User Message Directives
6.2.7.1	Text Message Streams
6.2.7.2	Text Formatting
6.2.8	User Defined Macros
6.2.8.1	The #macro Directive
6.2.8.2	Invoking Macros
6.2.8.3	Are POV-Ray Macros a Function or a Macro?
6.2.8.4	Returning a Value Like a Function
6.2.8.5	Returning Values Via Parameters
6.3	POV-Ray Coordinate System
6.3.1	Transformations
6.3.1.1	Translate
6.3.1.2	Scale
6.3.1.3	Rotate
6.3.1.4	Matrix Keyword
6.3.2	Transformation Order
6.3.3	Inverse Transform
6.3.4	Transform Identifiers
6.3.5	Transforming Textures and Objects
6.4	Camera
6.4.1	Placing the Camera
6.4.1.1	Location and Look_At
6.4.1.2	The Sky Vector
6.4.1.3	Angles
6.4.1.4	The Direction Vector
6.4.1.5	Up and Right Vectors
6.4.1.5.1	Aspect Ratio
6.4.1.5.2	Handedness
6.4.1.6	Transforming the Camera
6.4.2	Types of Projection
6.4.2.1	Perspective projection
6.4.2.2	Orthographic projection
6.4.2.3	Fisheye projection
6.4.2.4	Ultra wide angle projection
6.4.2.5	Omnimax projection
6.4.2.6	Panoramic projection
6.4.2.7	Cylindrical projection
6.4.2.8	Spherical projection
6.4.3	Focal Blur
6.4.4	Camera Ray Perturbation
6.4.5	Camera Identifiers
6.5	Objects
6.5.1	Finite Solid Primitives
6.5.1.1	Blob
6.5.1.2	Box
6.5.1.3	Cone
6.5.1.4	Cylinder
6.5.1.5	Height Field
6.5.1.6	Julia Fractal
6.5.1.7	Lathe
6.5.1.8	Prism
6.5.1.9	Sphere
6.5.1.10	Spheresweep
6.5.1.11	Superquadric Ellipsoid
6.5.1.12	Surface of Revolution
6.5.1.13	Text
6.5.1.14	Torus
6.5.2	Finite Patch Primitives
6.5.2.1	Bicubic Patch
6.5.2.2	Disc
6.5.2.3	Mesh
6.5.2.3.1	Solid Mesh
6.5.2.4	Mesh2
6.5.2.4.1	Smooth and Flat triangles in the same mesh
6.5.2.4.2	Mesh Triangle Textures
6.5.2.5	Polygon
6.5.2.6	Triangle and Smooth Triangle
6.5.3	Infinite Solid Primitives
6.5.3.1	Plane
6.5.3.2	Poly, Cubic and Quartic
6.5.3.3	Quadric
6.5.4	Isosurface Object
6.5.4.1	Isosurface Syntax
6.5.4.2	Functions in Isosurface
6.5.4.3	Transformations on Functions
6.5.4.3.1	Functions, Scale
6.5.4.3.2	Scale Infinitely
6.5.4.3.3	Functions, Translate
6.5.4.3.4	Functions, Shear
6.5.4.3.5	Functions, Rotate
6.5.4.3.6	Functions, Flip
6.5.4.3.7	Functions, Twist
6.5.4.4	Combining Functions
6.5.4.4.1	Functions, Merge
6.5.4.4.2	Functions, Intersection
6.5.4.4.3	Functions, Difference
6.5.4.4.4	Functions, Blob
6.5.4.4.5	Functions, Negative Blob
6.5.4.4.6	Functions, Blend
6.5.4.5	Improving Isosurface Speed
6.5.4.5.1	Using Accuracy
6.5.4.5.2	Container
6.5.4.5.3	Maximum Gradient
6.5.5	Parametric Object
6.5.6	Constructive Solid Geometry
6.5.6.1	Inside and Outside
6.5.6.2	Union
6.5.6.2.1	Split_Union
6.5.6.3	Intersection
6.5.6.4	Difference
6.5.6.5	Merge
6.5.7	Light Sources
6.5.7.1	Point Lights
6.5.7.2	Spotlights
6.5.7.3	Cylindrical Lights
6.5.7.4	Parallel Lights
6.5.7.5	Area Lights
6.5.7.6	Shadowless Lights
6.5.7.7	Looks_like
6.5.7.8	Projected_Through
6.5.7.9	Light Fading
6.5.7.10	Atmospheric Media Interaction
6.5.7.11	Atmospheric Attenuation
6.5.8	Light Groups
6.5.9	Object Modifiers
6.5.9.1	Clipped_By
6.5.9.2	Bounded_By
6.5.9.3	Material
6.5.9.4	Inverse
6.5.9.5	Hollow
6.5.9.6	No_Shadow
6.5.9.7	No_Image, No_Reflection
6.5.9.8	Double_Illuminate
6.5.9.9	Sturm
6.6	Interior
6.6.1	Why are Interior and Media Necessary?
6.6.2	Empty and Solid Objects
6.6.3	Scaling objects with an interior.
6.6.4	Refraction
6.6.5	Dispersion
6.6.6	Attenuation
6.6.7	Faked Caustics
6.6.8	Object-Media
6.7	Textures
6.7.1	Pigment
6.7.1.1	Solid Color Pigments
6.7.1.2	Color List Pigments
6.7.1.3	Color Maps
6.7.1.4	Pigment Maps and Pigment Lists
6.7.1.5	Image Maps
6.7.1.5.1	Specifying an Image Map
6.7.1.5.2	The Filter and Transmit Bitmap Modifiers
6.7.1.5.3	Using the Alpha Channel
6.7.1.6	Quick Color
6.7.2	Normal
6.7.2.1	Slope Maps
6.7.2.1.1	Normals, Accuracy
6.7.2.2	Normal Maps and Normal Lists
6.7.2.3	Bump Maps
6.7.2.3.1	Specifying a Bump Map
6.7.2.3.2	Bump_Size
6.7.2.3.3	Use_Index and Use_Color
6.7.2.4	Scaling normals
6.7.3	Finish
6.7.3.1	Ambient
6.7.3.2	Diffuse Reflection Items
6.7.3.2.1	Diffuse
6.7.3.2.2	Brilliance
6.7.3.2.3	Crand Graininess
6.7.3.3	Highlights
6.7.3.3.1	Phong Highlights
6.7.3.3.2	Specular Highlight
6.7.3.3.3	Metallic Highlight Modifier
6.7.3.4	Specular Reflection
6.7.3.5	Conserve Energy for Reflection
6.7.3.6	Iridescence
6.7.4	Halo
6.7.5	Patterned Textures
6.7.5.1	Texture Maps
6.7.5.2	Tiles
6.7.5.3	Material Maps
6.7.5.3.1	Specifying a Material Map
6.7.6	Layered Textures
6.7.7	UV Mapping
6.7.7.1	Supported Objects
6.7.7.2	UV Vectors
6.7.8	Triangle Texture Interpolation
6.7.9	Interior Texture
6.7.10	Cutaway Textures
6.7.11	Patterns
6.7.11.1	Agate
6.7.11.2	Average
6.7.11.3	Boxed
6.7.11.4	Bozo
6.7.11.5	Brick
6.7.11.6	Bumps
6.7.11.7	Cells
6.7.11.8	Checker
6.7.11.9	Crackle Patterns
6.7.11.10	Cylindrical
6.7.11.11	Density_File
6.7.11.12	Dents
6.7.11.13	Facets
6.7.11.14	Fractal Patterns
6.7.11.15	Function as pattern
6.7.11.15.1	What can be used
6.7.11.16	Function Image
6.7.11.17	Gradient
6.7.11.18	Granite
6.7.11.19	Hexagon
6.7.11.20	Image Pattern
6.7.11.21	Leopard
6.7.11.22	Marble
6.7.11.23	Object-pattern
6.7.11.24	Onion
6.7.11.25	Pigment Pattern
6.7.11.26	Planar
6.7.11.27	Quilted
6.7.11.28	Radial
6.7.11.29	Ripples
6.7.11.30	Slope
6.7.11.31	Spherical
6.7.11.32	Spiral1
6.7.11.33	Spiral2
6.7.11.34	Spotted
6.7.11.35	Waves
6.7.11.36	Wood
6.7.11.37	Wrinkles
6.7.12	Pattern Modifiers
6.7.12.1	Transforming Patterns
6.7.12.2	Frequency and Phase
6.7.12.3	Waveforms
6.7.12.4	Noise Generators
6.7.12.5	Turbulence
6.7.12.6	Warps
6.7.12.6.1	Black Hole Warp
6.7.12.6.2	Repeat Warp
6.7.12.6.3	Turbulence versus Turbulence Warp
6.7.12.6.4	Turbulence Warp
6.7.12.6.4.1	Octaves
6.7.12.6.4.2	Lambda
6.7.12.6.4.3	Omega
6.7.12.6.5	Mapping using warps
6.7.12.7	Bitmap Modifiers
6.7.12.7.1	The once Option
6.7.12.7.2	The map_type Option
6.7.12.7.3	The interpolate Option
6.8	Media
6.8.1	Media Types
6.8.1.1	Absorption
6.8.1.2	Emission
6.8.1.3	Scattering
6.8.2	Sampling Parameters & Methods
6.8.3	Density
6.8.3.1	General Density Modifiers
6.8.3.2	Density with color_map
6.8.3.3	Density Maps and Density Lists
6.8.3.4	Multiple Density vs. Multiple Media
6.9	Atmospheric Effects
6.9.1	Atmospheric Media
6.9.2	Background
6.9.3	Fog
6.9.4	Sky Sphere
6.9.5	Rainbow
6.10	Photons
6.10.1	Overview
6.10.1.1	Examples
6.10.2	Using Photon Mapping in Your Scene
6.10.2.1	Photon Global Settings
6.10.2.2	Shooting Photons at an Object
6.10.2.3	Photons and Light Sources
6.10.2.4	Photons and Media
6.10.3	Photons FAQ
6.10.4	Photon Tips
6.10.5	Advanced Techniques
6.10.5.1	Autostop
6.10.5.2	Adaptive Search Radius
6.10.5.3	Photons and Dispersion
6.10.5.4	Saving and Loading Photon Maps
6.11	Global Settings
6.11.1	ADC_Bailout
6.11.2	Ambient_Light
6.11.3	Assumed_Gamma
6.11.3.1	Monitor Gamma
6.11.3.2	Image File Gamma
6.11.3.3	Scene File Gamma
6.11.4	HF_Gray_16
6.11.5	Irid_Wavelength
6.11.6	Charset
6.11.7	Max_Trace_Level
6.11.8	Max_Intersections
6.11.9	Number_Of_Waves
6.11.10	Noise_generator
6.11.11	Radiosity
6.11.11.1	How Radiosity Works
6.11.11.2	Adjusting Radiosity
6.11.11.2.1	radiosity adc_bailout
6.11.11.2.2	always_sample
6.11.11.2.3	brightness
6.11.11.2.4	count
6.11.11.2.5	error_bound
6.11.11.2.6	gray_threshold
6.11.11.2.7	low_error_factor
6.11.11.2.8	max_sample
6.11.11.2.9	Media and Radiosity
6.11.11.2.10	minimum_reuse
6.11.11.2.11	nearest_count
6.11.11.2.12	Normal and Radiosity
6.11.11.2.13	Pretrace
6.11.11.2.14	recursion_limit
6.11.11.2.15	Save and load radiosity data
6.11.11.3	Tips on Radiosity
7.0	Standard Include Files
7.1	arrays.inc
7.2	chars.inc
7.3	colors.inc
7.3.1	colors.inc - Predefined colors
7.3.2	colors.inc - Color macros
7.4	consts.inc
7.4.1	consts.inc - Vector constants
7.4.2	consts.inc - Map type constants
7.4.3	consts.inc - Interpolation type constants
7.4.4	consts.inc - Fog type constants
7.4.5	consts.inc - Focal blur hexgrid constants
7.4.6	consts.inc - IORs
7.4.7	consts.inc - Disperion amounts
7.4.8	consts.inc - Scattering media type constants
7.5	debug.inc
7.6	finish.inc
7.7	functions.inc
7.7.1	functions.inc - Common Parameters
7.7.1.1	Field Strength
7.7.1.2	Field Limit
7.7.1.3	SOR Switch
7.7.1.4	SOR Offset
7.7.1.5	SOR Angle
7.7.1.6	Invert Isosurface
7.7.2	functions.inc - Internal Functions
7.7.3	functions.inc - Pre defined functions
7.7.3.1	Pattern functions
7.8	glass.inc
7.8.1	glass.inc - Glass colors (with transparency)
7.8.2	glass.inc - Glass colors (without transparency, for fade_color)
7.8.3	glass.inc - Glass finishes
7.8.4	glass.inc - Glass interiors:
7.8.5	glass.inc - Glass interior macros
7.9	glass_old.inc
7.9.1	glass_old.inc - Glass finishes
7.9.2	glass_old.inc - Glass textures
7.10	math.inc
7.10.1	math.inc - Float functions and macros
7.10.2	math.inc - Vector functions and macros
7.10.3	math.inc - Vector Analysis
7.11	metals.inc, golds.inc
7.11.1	metals.inc
7.11.2	golds.inc
7.12	rand.inc
7.12.1	rand.inc - Flat Distributions
7.12.2	rand.inc - Other Distributions
7.12.2.1	Continuous Symmetric Distributions
7.12.2.2	Continuous Skewed Distributions
7.12.2.3	Discrete Distributions
7.13	shapes.inc, shapes_old.inc, shapes2.inc, shapesq.inc
7.13.1	shapes.inc
7.13.1.1	The HF Macros
7.13.2	shapes_old.inc
7.13.3	shapes2.inc
7.13.4	shapesq.inc
7.14	skies.inc, stars.inc
7.14.1	skies.inc
7.14.2	stars.inc
7.15	stones.inc, stones1.inc, stones2.inc, stoneold.inc
7.15.1	stones1.inc
7.15.2	stones2.inc
7.16	stdinc.inc
7.17	strings.inc
7.18	textures.inc
7.18.1	textures.inc - Stones
7.18.2	textures.inc - Skies
7.18.3	textures.inc - Woods
7.18.4	textures.inc - Glass
7.18.5	textures.inc - Metals
7.18.6	textures.inc - Special textures
7.18.7	textures.inc - Texture and pattern macros
7.19	transforms.inc
7.20	woodmaps.inc, woods.inc
7.20.1	woodmaps.inc
7.20.2	woods.inc
7.21	Other files
7.21.1	logo.inc
7.21.2	rad_def.inc
7.21.3	screen.inc
7.21.4	stdcam.inc
7.21.5	stage1.inc
7.21.6	sunpos.inc
7.21.7	font files (*.ttf)
7.21.8	color_map files (*.map)
7.21.9	image files (.png, .pot, *.df3)
8.0	Appendices
8.1	POV-Ray Legal Document
8.2	The POV-Team
8.2.1	Contacting the Authors
8.2.2	The TAG
8.2.3	POV-Ray 3.5 Development
8.3	What to do if you don't have POV-Ray
8.3.1	Which Version of POV-Ray should you use?
8.3.1.1	Microsoft Windows 9x/NT/2000
8.3.1.2	Linux for Intel x86
8.3.1.3	Apple Macintosh
8.3.1.4	Generic Unix
8.3.1.5	All Versions
8.3.2	Where to Find POV-Ray Files
8.3.2.1	World Wide Website www.povray.org
8.3.2.2	Books, Magazines and CD-ROMs
8.4	Suggested Reading
9.0	POV-Ray Questions and Tips
9.1	Language
9.1.1	Tips and tricks to achieve useful things
9.1.1.1	How do I make a visible light source?
9.1.1.2	How do I make bright objects?
9.1.1.3	How do I move the camera in a circular path?
9.1.1.4	How do I use an image to texture my object?
9.1.1.5	How can I generate a spline?
9.1.1.6	How can I simulate motion blur?
9.1.1.7	How can I find the size of a text object?
9.1.1.8	How do I make extruded text?
9.1.1.9	How do I make an object hollow?
9.1.1.10	How can I fill a glass with water or other objects?
9.1.1.11	How can I bend a object?
9.1.1.12	Can I get non-grainy focal blur?
9.1.2	Things that don't work as one expects
9.1.2.1	Using several transparent objects makes them black?
9.1.2.2	I'm getting color banding in the image.
9.1.2.3	Rotation behaves very strangely.
9.1.2.4	The image gets distorted when rendering a square image.
9.1.2.5	Why are there strange dark pixels or noise on my CSG object?
9.1.2.6	Why won't the textures in stars.inc work with my sky_sphere?
9.1.2.7	When I use filter or transmit with my .tga image map nothing happens.
9.1.2.8	Isosurface not rendering properly?
9.1.3	Other related things
9.1.3.1	How do I turn animation on?
9.1.3.2	Can POV-Ray use multiple processors?
9.1.3.3	Can I get a wireframe render of my scene?
9.1.3.4	Can I specify variable IOR for an object?
9.1.3.5	What is Photon Mapping?
9.2	File Formats
9.2.1	Saving the image to disk.
9.2.2	Can I convert my POV-Ray scenes to another format?
9.2.3	How can I convert my scenes from format X to POV-Ray format?
9.2.4	How do I import all of my textures I created in 3DS Max into POV-Ray?
9.2.5	How can I avoid artifacts and still get good JPEG compression?
9.2.6	Why are there no converters from POV to other formats?
9.2.7	Why are triangle meshes in ASCII format?
9.3	Utilities, models, etc.
9.3.1	What is the best animation program available?
9.3.2	Creating/viewing MPEG-files.
9.3.3	Where can I find models/textures?
9.3.4	What are the best modellers for POV-Ray?
9.3.5	Any POV-Ray modellers for Mac?
9.3.6	Is there any user gallery of POV-Ray images?
9.3.7	Any good heightfield modellers?
9.3.8	Any easy way of creating trees?
9.4	Rendering speed
9.4.1	Will POV-Ray render faster with a 3D card?
9.4.2	How do I increase rendering speed?
9.4.3	CSG speed.
9.4.4	Does POV-Ray support 3DNow?
9.5	Miscellaneous questions
9.5.1	Suggesting new features.
9.5.2	I'm getting a "Illegal grid value in dda_traversal()".
9.5.3	No beep when finished?
9.5.4	POV-Ray viruses?
9.5.5	GUI for Unix POV-Ray?
9.6	Moray questions.
9.6.1	Changing handedness?
9.6.2	Moray objects get mirrored in POV-Ray.
9.6.3	Importing POV-Ray files.
9.6.4	How do Moray UDOs work?
9.7	While-loop tutorial
9.7.1	What a while-loop is and what it is not
9.7.2	How does a single while-loop work?
9.7.3	How do I make a while-loop?
9.7.4	What is a condition and how do I make one?
9.7.5	What about loop types other than simple for-loops?
9.7.6	What about nested loops?
9.7.7	Mixed-type nested loops
9.7.8	Other things to note
9.8	The shadow line artifact
9.8.1	What is the problem?
9.8.2	What causes the problem?
9.8.3	Can this problem be solved?
9.8.4	Possible solutions?
9.9	Smooth triangle artifact
9.9.1	What is the problem?
9.9.2	What causes the problem?
9.9.3	Can this problem be solved?
10.0	Quick References
10.1	SDL Quick Reference
10.1.1	Quick Reference Contents
10.1.2	The Scene
10.1.3	Language Basics
10.1.3.1	Floats
10.1.3.2	Vectors
10.1.3.3	Colors
10.1.3.4	User defined Functions
10.1.3.5	Strings
10.1.3.6	Arrays
10.1.3.7	Splines
10.1.4	Language Directives
10.1.4.1	File Inclusion
10.1.4.2	Identifier Declaration
10.1.4.3	File Input/Output
10.1.4.4	Default Texture
10.1.4.5	Version Identfier
10.1.4.6	Conditional Directives
10.1.4.7	Message Streams
10.1.4.8	Macro
10.1.4.9	Embedded Directives
10.1.5	Transformations
10.1.6	Camera
10.1.7	Lights
10.1.7.1	Lightgroup
10.1.8	Objects
10.1.8.1	Finite Solid Objects
10.1.8.2	Finite Patch Objects
10.1.8.3	Infinite Solid Objects
10.1.8.4	Isosurface
10.1.8.5	Parametric
10.1.8.6	CSG
10.1.9	Object Modifiers
10.1.9.1	UV Mapping
10.1.9.2	Material
10.1.9.3	Interior
10.1.9.4	Interior Texture
10.1.10	Texture
10.1.10.1	Plain Texture
10.1.10.2	Layered Texture
10.1.10.3	Patterned Texture
10.1.10.4	Pigment
10.1.10.5	Normal
10.1.10.6	Finish
10.1.10.7	Pattern
10.1.10.8	Pattern Modifiers
10.1.11	Media
10.1.12	Atmospheric Effects
10.1.12.1	Background
10.1.12.2	Fog
10.1.12.3	Sky Sphere
10.1.12.4	Rainbow
10.1.13	Global Settings
10.1.13.1	Radiosity
10.1.13.2	Photons
11.0	POV-Ray CDROM's and Accessories
11.1	The POV-Ray 10th Anniversary Commemorative Keyring
11.2	The IRTC CDROM's
11.2.1	The IRTC CDROM (Year Four)
11.2.2	The IRTC CDROM (Year Three)
11.2.3	The IRTC CDROM (Year Two)
11.2.4	The IRTC CDROM (Year One)

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